Study Materials - (17)zip
Exclusionary zoning laws enact barriers to entry that constrain housing supply, which, all else equal, translate into an equilibrium with more expensive housing and fewer homes being built. Consistent with theory, the empirical literature finds a relationship between restrictive land use regulations and higher housing prices.For example, a study in 2005 finds that prices of Manhattan condominiums are 50 percent higher than they would be without zoning restrictions.
Study Materials - (17)zip
Restrictions in housing supply also limit labor mobility, because workers cannot afford to move to higher productivity cities that have high housing prices. This leads workers to remain in lower productivity places. One study finds that this misallocation of labor has led to a significant decrease in the U.S. economic growth rate since the 1960s; another study finds that this misallocation could cost up to 2 percent of GDP.
About 1,700 openings for materials engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and biomedical devices. They study the properties and structures of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, nanomaterials (extremely small substances), and other substances in order to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements. They also help select materials for specific products and develop new ways to use existing materials.
Materials engineers create and study materials at the atomic level. They use computers to understand and model the characteristics of materials and their components. They solve problems in several different engineering fields, such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, civil, nuclear, and aerospace.
High school students interested in studying materials engineering should take classes in math, such as algebra, trigonometry, and calculus; science, such as biology, chemistry, and physics; and computer programming.
Analytical skills. Materials engineers often work on projects related to other fields of engineering. They must determine how materials will be used and how they must be structured to withstand different conditions.
Speaking skills. While working with technicians, technologists, and other engineers, materials engineers must state concepts and directions clearly. When speaking with managers, these engineers must also communicate engineering concepts to people who may not have an engineering background.
Junior materials engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers. In large companies, new engineers may receive formal training in classrooms or seminars. As engineers gain knowledge and experience, they move on to more difficult projects where they have greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions.
The median annual wage for materials engineers was $98,300 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $60,580, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $161,080.
As demand for new materials and manufacturing processes continues to increase, more materials engineers are expected to be needed to help develop these products and systems. For example, new metal alloys are expected to be developed to make airplanes lighter and more fuel efficient. A greater focus on environmental sustainability also may create demand for materials engineers.
Evaluate materials and develop machinery and processes to manufacture materials for use in products that must meet specialized design and performance specifications. Develop new uses for known materials. Includes those engineers working with composite materials or specializing in one type of material, such as graphite, metal and metal alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics and polymers, and naturally occurring materials. Includes metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, ceramic engineers, and welding engineers.
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites an application from the Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) of the current Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study, an ongoing epidemiological study. This DCC has been involved in study design and data and biosample acquisition and management since the inception of the TEDDY Consortium. This FOA provides support for the TEDDY DCC to continue to follow TEDDY children, allowing collaborators to conduct further studies in the measurement and analysis of immune markers using samples from TEDDY subjects.
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites an application from the Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) of the current Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study, an ongoing epidemiological study. This DCC has been involved in study design and data and biosample acquisition and management since the inception of the TEDDY Consortium.
Type 1 diabetes is a serious and burdensome chronic disease that usually affects children and young adults. The rate of type 1 diabetes incidence is rising worldwide, especially in the very young. These findings suggest that environmental triggers are responsible for increased and accelerated rates of disease in genetically susceptible individuals. The goal of the TEDDY study is to identify environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes - dietary, infectious, or other factors that predispose to or protect against type 1 diabetes in children at high genetic risk - and to analyze the interaction of environmental and genetic factors contributing to development of the disease.
In this opportunity, NIDDK also intends to fund TEDDY to establish collaborative partnerships for the next stage in the analysis of serum, plasma and PBMCs, specifically to assist in its analysis of the immune system in its study subjects for development of islet autoimmunity and T1D using new research technologies.
TEDDY collects serum and plasma and PBMCs every 3 months till 4 years of age 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, and 48 months of age; subsequent visits are every 6 months for autoantibody negative subjects and 3 months for autoantibody positive subjects. Over 500,000 serum plasma, 700,000 plasma samples and 70,000 PBMCs have been collected from TEDDY subjects. These specimens provide a unique opportunity for scientists to test novel hypotheses. TEDDY is encouraging partnerships to assist in its analysis of the immune system in its study subjects for development of islet autoimmunity and T1D using new research technologies. It is therefore imperative that immune profiling is performed combining cellular with humoral analyses of the stored PBMCs, serum and plasma samples. Significant progress has been made in measuring immune status and small populations of cells. Novel methods such as CyTOF and microengraving provide single-cell multi-parameter measurements. Highly advanced processing of information can identify processes and signatures that correspond to disease. Thus, technologies that could be applied to TEDDY samples could include large-throughput multiparameter protein and gene profiling of global immune cells and of antigen-specific T and B cells at the single cell level. These technologies are operational and are rapidly expanding the range of parameters that can be measured. Humoral assays that guide selection of samples and interpretation of PBMC results are also available but may also be expanded into novel approaches. The specific questions that could be addressed by the use of immunological assays included for example:
1. Developing the research design and study protocol, including definition of objectives and approaches, sample size and power calculations, and establishing procedures for participant recruitment and follow-up, data collection, quality control, interim data and safety monitoring, final data analysis and interpretation, and publication of results.
3. Designating Protocol Chairs. The Program Directors/Principal Investigators (for studies involving multiple protocols) shall designate a single Protocol Chairperson (if the Program Director/Principal Investigator does not assume this role) for each protocol to be carried out by the study group. The Protocol Chairperson shall function as the scientific coordinator for the protocol and shall assume responsibility for obtaining approval to implement the protocol from the Steering Committee and for developing and monitoring the protocol. Significant modifications to approved protocols must be approved by the Steering Committee.
4. Implementing collection of data specified by the study protocol. For a multi-center study, each awardee/site is required to ensure that data will be submitted expeditiously to the Data Coordinating Center. Additionally, individual investigators/sites must demonstrate the ability to implement the strategy specifically designed for their individual study population.
5. Establishing procedures for data quality and completeness. Awardees are responsible for ensuring accurate and timely assessment of the progress of each study, including development of procedures to ensure that data collection and management are: (1) adequate for quality control and analysis; (2) for clinical trials, as simple as appropriate in order to facilitate cooperation/referral of study participants by physicians to avoid unnecessary expense; and (3) sufficiently staffed across the participating institutions. For research involving multiple sites, a plan for analysis of pooled data will be developed by the Steering Committee. 041b061a72